How beetroot juice may boost health
- Bacteria in the mouth and gut help convert inorganic nitrate in vegetables into nitric oxide, which is vital for cardiovascular and cognitive health.
- A new study in older people suggests that drinking beetroot juice, which is rich in inorganic nitrate, promotes the growth of oral bacteria that are associated with these benefits.
- These bacteria show promise as a means to reduce age-related declines in cardiovascular and cognitive health.
Previous research has shown the community of bacteria and other microorganisms that lives in our gut, known as the
Much of the information on the bacteria that make their home in our mouths, however, focuses on gum disease and its knock-on inflammatory effects around the body.
The role of oral bacteria in producing nitric oxide, which benefits cardiovascular and cognitive health, is much less well-known.
Many species of oral bacteria convert the
In older people, reduced availability of nitric oxide may contribute to hypertension (high blood pressure) and a decline in cognitive function.
A new study suggests that drinking beetroot juice, which is rich in inorganic nitrate, can alter the balance of bacteria in the mouth in favor of species that promote better cognitive and cardiovascular health.
The findings of this study help explain the proven benefits of beetroot juice for lowering blood pressure in people with hypertension.
Other vegetables that contain a lot of nitrates, including cabbage, lettuce, spinach, and celery, could offer similar benefits.
Scientists at the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom led the research, which features in the journal Redox Biology.
“We are really excited about these findings, which have important implications for healthy aging,” says lead author Prof. Anni Vanhatalo.
“Maintaining this healthy oral microbiome in the long term might slow down the negative vascular and cognitive changes associated with aging,” she adds.
Juice with or without nitrate
The study involved 26 individuals aged 70–80 years.
The researchers randomly assigned these participants to one of two groups. While they asked both groups to drink 140 milliliters of beetroot juice per day for 10 days, the experimental group drank a nitrate-rich juice, while the control group drank a nitrate-depleted juice.
The smell and taste of the two drinks were the same.
After a washout period of 3 days, the groups switched, and the participants consumed the other drink for 10 days.
The researchers asked the participants not to use mouthwash during the study.
Before, during, and after the experiment, they administered a battery of physiological and cognitive tests. They also identified bacterial species by sequencing genetic material in saliva samples from the participants.
Compared with the placebo condition, subjects who drank ordinary beetroot juice had larger numbers of oral bacteria associated with good vascular and cognitive health.
Their saliva also contained lower numbers of bacteria linked to inflammation.
On average, the participants’ systolic blood pressure fell by 5 millimeters of mercury after 10 days of drinking nitrate-rich beetroot juice. In addition, the tests indicated a greater availability of nitric oxide in their blood.
Those drinking the nitrate-rich juice also performed better on tests of sustained attention.
Clusters of bacterial species
The researchers used a statistical technique to identify two distinct clusters of bacterial species that flourished in the participants’ mouths when they drank regular beetroot juice.
These two clusters or “modules” (labeled MM5 and MM6) not only tended to co-occur in the same mouths but were also associated with improvements in cognitive function and blood pressure, respectively.
The authors propose that these nitrate-sensitive oral bacteria would make suitable probiotics to redress age-related declines in cardiovascular and cognitive health.
A third cluster of species, which previous research has associated with inflammation, failed to thrive in the mouths of participants drinking regular, high-nitrate beetroot juice.
This cluster included various disease-causing species, including Clostridium difficile.
Prof. Vanhatalo cautions that further research will be necessary to determine whether these findings apply to other groups of people.
“Our participants were healthy, active, older people with generally good blood pressure,” she explains.
“Dietary nitrate reduced their blood pressure on average, and we are keen to find out whether the same would happen in other age groups and among people in poorer health,” she adds.
The authors also note that the technique they used to identify bacteria, called 16S ribosomal sequencing, determines the relative abundance of the organisms rather than their absolute amounts or metabolic activity.
The latter quantities will influence the extent of nitrite production in the mouth and, therefore, the availability of nitric oxide.
In addition, the authors write that 16S sequencing (which effectively reads the sequence of a single gene) is not very good at identifying individual species of bacteria.
To develop probiotics, they say, researchers will need to use a technique called whole genome sequencing, which is more expensive but more accurate.
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